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BRDF และ IOR


Bidirectional reflectance distribution function



ในงาน render MentalRay V-Ray จะเห็นโหมดที่เรียกว่า BRDF ซึ่งมาจาก bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDFf_{\text{r}}(\omega_{\text{i}},\, \omega_{\text{r}}) ) ซึ่งเป็น function 4มิติที่อธิบายถึง การสะท้อนของแสงเมื่อมันผ่านวัตถุที่โปร่งแสงอย่างไร Function มีค่าเป็นตรงกันข้ามกับทิศทางแสงที่เดินทางเข้ามา  \omega_{\text{i}} และเป็น \omega_{\text{r}} เมื่อแสงเดินทางออก โดยแสงทั้งสองจะวิ่งไปเป็นทางเดียวกันกับ Normal(ทาง 3d คือ ด้านหน้าสุดของpolygon) symbol= (n) และสะท้อนกลับไปเป็นอัตราตามค่าการเรืองแสงของวัตถุนั้นๆ( \omega_{\text{r}}) และกระจายแสงไปตามพื้นผิว \omega_{\text{i}} ซึ่งทิศทางของมันขึ้นอยู่กับองศาที่มันวิ่งไปกระทบวัตถุ 
สมการที่ Fred Nicodemus คิดค้นขึ้นราวๆ1965 คือ



BRDF ใน Maya
ใน artibute ของMaya จะอยู่ที่ Material ของวัตถุนั้นๆ การสะท้อนแสงเข้ากล้องจะทำมุม 90 องศา ซึ่งค่าdefault คือ 1.0 (90 degree Reflection) เราปรับทิศทางได้ซึ่งจะทำให้แสงมีมุมตั้งขึ้น อย่างเช่น 0.9 จะทำให้แสงเข้ากล้องได้ไม่เต็มร้อย มีผลทำให้ hilight  จางลง วิธีนี้ต้องเปิดfinal gather ไว้ด้วยจะเห็นได้ชัด หรือใน V-ray จะเป็นการเปิด GI 



ตัวอย่างที่1: 0 Degree Reflection=0.2 และ 90 degree Reflection =1.0


ตัวอย่างที่2: 0 Degree Reflection=0.1และ 90 degree Reflection =0.9
ตัวอย่างที่3: 0 Degree Reflection=0.2 และ 90 degree Reflection =0.5

ในกรณีที่ตั้งค่า reflect ใบไม้ไว้สูงhilight ที่ได้จะเข้ม จึงลดองศาลงไปเพื่อปรับโทนสีโดยรวมใบไม้ให้สว่างรวมๆกัน
ส่วน Fresnel Reflection
เป็น option ที่ใช้กับการสะท้อนแสงของกระจก เมื่อclick ใช้งานมันจะสะท้อนในตัวเองและต้องขึ้นอยู่กับ IOR (ค่าดัชนีการหักเหของแสงIndex of refraction)ของวัตถุชิ้นนั้นๆด้วย
IOR ของวัตถุแต่ละชิ้น (อ้างอิงจาก cgsociety.org)
Acetone 1.36
Actinolite 1.618
Agate 1.544
Agate, Moss 1.540
Air 1.0002926
Alcohol 1.329
Alexandrite 1.745
Aluminum 1.44
Amber 1.546
Amblygonite 1.611
Amethyst 1.544
Anatase 2.490
Andalusite 1.641
Anhydrite 1.571
Apatite 1.632
Apophyllite 1.536
Aquamarine 1.577
Aragonite 1.530
Argon 1.000281
Asphalt 1.635
Augelite 1.574
Axinite 1.675
Azurite 1.730
Barite 1.636
Barytocalcite 1.684
Benitoite 1.757
Benzene 1.501
Beryl 1.577
Beryllonite 1.553
Brazilianite 1.603
Bromine (liq) 1.661
Bronze 1.18
Calcite 1.486
Cancrinite 1.491
Carbon Dioxide (gas) 1.000449
Carbon Disulfide 1.628
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.460
Cassiterite 1.997
Celestite 1.622
Cerussite 1.804
Ceylanite 1.770
Chalcedony 1.530
Chalk 1.510
Chalybite 1.630
Chlorine (gas) 1.000768
Chlorine (liq) 1.385
Chrome Green 2.4
Chrome Red 2.42
Chrome Yellow 2.31
Chromium 2.97
Chrysoberyl 1.745
Chrysocolla 1.500
Chrysoprase 1.534
Citrine 1.550
Clinozoisite 1.724
Cobalt Blue 1.74
Cobalt Green 1.97
Cobalt Violet 1.71
Colemanite 1.586
Copper 1.10
Copper Oxide 2.705
Coral 1.486
Cordierite 1.540
Corundum 1.766
Crocoite 2.310
Crystal 2.00
Cuprite 2.850
Danburite 1.633
Diamond 2.417
Diopside 1.680
Dolomite 1.503
Dumortierite 1.686
Ebonite 1.66
Ekanite 1.600
Elaeolite 1.532
Emerald 1.576
Emerald, Synth flux 1.561
Emerald, Synth hydro 1.568
Enstatite 1.663
Epidote 1.733
Ethanol 1.36
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Euclase 1.652
Feldspar, Adventurine 1.532
Feldspar, Albite 1.525
Feldspar, Amazonite 1.525
Feldspar, Labradorite 1.565
Feldspar, Microcline 1.525
Feldspar, Oligoclase 1.539
Feldspar, orthoclase 1.525
Fluoride 1.56
Fluorite 1.434
Formica 1.47
Garnet, Almandine 1.760
Garnet, Almandite 1.790
Garnet, Andradite 1.820
Garnet, Demantoid 1.880
Garnet, Grossular 1.738
Garnet, Hessonite 1.745
Garnet, Rhodolite 1.760
Garnet, Spessartite 1.810
Gaylussite 1.517
Glass 1.51714
Glass, Albite 1.4890
Glass, Crown 1.520
Glass, Crown, Zinc 1.517
Glass, Flint, Dense 1.66
Glass, Flint, Heaviest 1.89
Glass, Flint, Heavy 1.65548
Glass, Flint, Lanthanum 1.80
Glass, Flint, Light 1.58038
Glass, Flint, Medium 1.62725
Glycerine 1.473
Gold 0.47
Hambergite 1.559
Hauynite 1.502
Helium 1.000036
Hematite 2.940
Hemimorphite 1.614
Hiddenite 1.655
Howlite 1.586
Hydrogen (gas) 1.000140
Hydrogen (liq) 1.0974
Hypersthene 1.670
Ice 1.309
Idocrase 1.713
Iodine Crystal 3.34
Iolite 1.548
Iron 1.51
Ivory 1.540
Jade, Nephrite 1.610
Jadeite 1.665
Jasper 1.540
Jet 1.660
Kornerupine 1.665
Kunzite 1.655
Kyanite 1.715
Lapis Gem 1.500
Lapis Lazuli 1.61
Lazulite 1.615
Lead 2.01
Leucite 1.509
Magnesite 1.515
Malachite 1.655
Meerschaum 1.530
Mercury (liq) 1.62
Methanol 1.329
Moldavite 1.500
Moonstone, Adularia 1.525
Moonstone, Albite 1.535
Natrolite 1.480
Nephrite 1.600
Nitrogen (gas) 1.000297
Nitrogen (liq) 1.2053
Nylon 1.53
Obsidian 1.489
Olivine 1.670
Onyx 1.486
Opal 1.450
Oxygen (gas) 1.000276
Oxygen (liq) 1.221
Painite 1.787
Pearl 1.530
Periclase 1.740
Peridot 1.654
Peristerite 1.525
Petalite 1.502
Phenakite 1.650
Phosgenite 2.117
Plastic 1.460
Plexiglas 1.50
Polystyrene 1.55
Prase 1.540
Prasiolite 1.540
Prehnite 1.610
Proustite 2.790
Purpurite 1.840
Pyrite 1.810
Pyrope 1.740
Quartz 1.544
Quartz, Fused 1.45843
Rhodizite 1.690
Rhodonite 1.735
Rock Salt 1.544
Rubber, Natural 1.5191
Ruby 1.760
Rutile 2.62
Sanidine 1.522
Sapphire 1.760
Scapolite 1.540
Scapolite, Yellow 1.555
Scheelite 1.920
Selenium, Amorphous 2.92
Serpentine 1.560
Shell 1.530
Silicon 4.24
Sillimanite 1.658
Silver 0.18
Sinhalite 1.699
Smaragdite 1.608
Smithsonite 1.621
Sodalite 1.483
Sodium Chloride 1.544
Sphalerite 2.368
Sphene 1.885
Spinel 1.712
Spodumene 1.650
Staurolite 1.739
Steatite 1.539
Steel 2.50
Stichtite 1.520
Strontium Titanate 2.410
Styrofoam 1.595
Sulphur 1.960
Synthetic Spinel 1.730
Taaffeite 1.720
Tantalite 2.240
Tanzanite 1.691
Teflon 1.35
Thomsonite 1.530
Tiger eye 1.544
Topaz 1.620
Topaz, Blue 1.610
Topaz, Pink 1.620
Topaz, White 1.630
Topaz, Yellow 1.620
Tourmaline 1.624
Tremolite 1.600
Tugtupite 1.496
Turpentine 1.472
Turquoise 1.610
Ulexite 1.490
Uvarovite 1.870
Variscite 1.550
Vivianite 1.580
Wardite 1.590
Water (gas) 1.000261
Water 100'C 1.31819
Water 20'C 1.33335
Water 35'C (Room temp) 1.33157
Willemite 1.690
Witherite 1.532
Wulfenite 2.300
Zincite 2.010
Zircon, High 1.960
Zircon, Low 1.800
Zirconia, Cubic 2.170

Liquids
Acetone 1.36
Alcohol, Ethyl (grain) 1.36
Alcohol, Methyl (wood) 1.329
Beer 1.345
Carbonated Beverages 1.34 - 1.356
Fruit Juice
Chlorine (liq) 1.385
Cranberry Juice (25%) 1.351
Glycerin 1.473
Honey, 13% water content 1.504
Honey, 17% water content 1.494
Honey, 21% water content 1.484
Ice 1.309
Milk 1.35
Oil, Clove 1.535
Oil, Lemon 1.481
Oil, Neroli 1.482
Oil, Orange 1.473
Oil, Safflower 1.466
Oil, vegetable (50� C) 1.47
Oil of Wintergreen 1.536
Rum, White 1.361
Shampoo 1.362
Sugar Solution 30% 1.38
Sugar Solution 80% 1.49
Turpentine 1.472
Vodka 1.363
Water (0� C) 1.33346
Water (100� C) 1.31766
Water (20� C) 1.33283
Whisky 1.356

Minerals & Gemstones
Alexandrite 1.746 - 1.755
Almandine 1.75 - 1.83
Amber 1.539 - 1.545
Amethyst 1.532 - 1.554
Ammolite 1.52 -1.68
Andalusite 1.629 - 1.650
Apatite 1.632 - 1.42
Aquamarine 1.567-1.590
Axenite 1.674 - 1.704
Beryl 1.57 - 1.60
Beryl, Red 1.570 - 1.598
Chalcedony 1.544 - 1.553
Chrome Tourmaline, 1.61 - 1.64
Citrine 1.532 - 1.554
Clinohumite 1.625 - 1.675
Coral 1.486 - 1.658
Crystal 2.000
Crysoberyl, Catseye 1.746 - 1.755
Danburite 1.627 - 1.641
Diamond 2.417
Emerald 1.560 - 1.605
Emerald Catseye 1.560 - 1.605
Flourite 1.434
Garnet, Andradite 1.88 - 1.94
Garnet, Demantiod 1.880 - 1.9
Garnet, Mandarin 1.790 - 1.8
Garnet, Pyrope 1.73 - 1.76
Garnet, Rhodolite 1.740 - 1.770
Garnet, Tsavorite 1.739 - 1.744
Garnet, Uvarovite 1.74 - 1.87
Hauyn 1.490 - 1.505
Iolite 1.522 - 1.578
Jade, Jadeite 1.64 - 1.667
Jade, Nephrite 1.600 - 1.641
Jet 1.660
Kunzite 1.660 - 1.676
Labradorite 1.560 - 1.572
Lapis Lazuli 1.50 - 1.55
Moonstone 1.518 - 1.526
Morganite 1.585 - 1.594
Obsidian 1.50
Opal, Black 1.440 - 1.460
Opal, Fire 1.430 - 1.460
Opal, White 1.440 - 1.460
Oregon Sunstone 1.560 - 1.572
Padparadja 1.760 - 1.773
Peridot 1.635 - 1.690
Quartz 1.544 - 1.553
Ruby 1.757 - 1.779
Sapphire 1.757 - 1.779
Sapphire, Star 1.760 - 1.773
Spessarite 1.79 - 1.81
Spinel 1.712 - 1.717
Spinel, Blue 1.712 - 1.747
Spinel, Red 1.708 - 1.735
Star Ruby 1.76 - 1.773
Tanzanite 1.690-1.7
Tanzanite 1.692 - 1.700
Topaz 1.607 - 1.627
Topaz, Imperial 1.605-1.640
Tourmaline 1.603 - 1.655
Tourmaline, Blue 1.61 - 1.64
Tourmaline, Catseye 1.61 - 1.64
Tourmaline, Green 1.61 - 1.64
Tourmaline, Paraiba 1.61 - 1.65
Tourmaline, Red 1.61 - 1.64
Zircon 1.777 - 1.987
Zirconia, Cubic 2.173 - 2.21

Transparent materials
Eye, Aqueous humor 1.33
Eye, Cornea 1.38
Eye, Lens 1.41
Eye, Vitreous humor 1.34
Glass, Arsenic Trisulfide 2.04
Glass, Crown (common) 1.52
Glass, Flint, 29% lead 1.569
Glass, Flint, 55% lead 1.669
Glass, Flint, 71% lead 1.805
Glass, Fused Silica 1.459
Glass, Pyrex 1.474
Lucite 1.495
Nylon 1.53
Obsidian 1.50
Plastic 1.460 - 1.55
Plexiglas 1.488
Salt 1.516

Metals
Aluminum 1.39
Copper 2.43
Gold 0.166
Mylar 1.65
Nickel 1.08
Platinum 2.33
Silver 1.35
Titanium 2.16

Vacuum 1.0000
Air 1.0003
Ice 1.31
Water 1.333
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Plexiglas 1.51
Crown Glass 1.52
Light Flint Glass 1.58
Dense Flint Glass 1.66
Zircon 1.923
Diamond 2.417
Rutile 2.907
Gallium phosphide 3.50

Various household liquids
Glycerin 1,367
All Purpose Orange Cleaner (Pathmark Brand) 1,293
Degreaser 1.377
Shower Gel 1.51
Baby Wash 1.26

Vacuum 1 (exactly)
Helium 1.000036
Air @ STP 1.0002926
Carbon dioxide 1.00045
Water Ice 1.31
Liquid Water (20�C) 1.332986
Cryolite 1.338
Acetone 1.36
Ethanol 1.36
Teflon 1.35 - 1.38
Glycerol 1.4729
Acrylic glass 1.490 - 1.492
Rock salt 1.516
Crown glass (pure) 1.50 - 1.54
Salt (NaCl) 1.544
Polycarbonate 1.584 - 1.586
PMMA 1.4893 - 1.4899
PETg 1.57
PET 1.5750
Flint glass (pure) 1.60 - 1.62
Crown glass (impure) 1.485 - 1.755
Bromine 1.661
Flint glass (impure) 1.523 - 1.925
Cubic zirconia 2.15 - 2.18
Diamond 2.419
Moissanite 2.65 - 2.69
Cinnabar (Mercury sulfide) 3.02
Gallium(III) phosphide 3.5
Gallium(III) arsenide 3.927
Silicon 4.01

Acetone 1.36
Actinolite 1.618
Agalmatoite 1.550
Agate 1.544
Agate, Moss 1.540
Air 1.0002926
Alcohol 1.329
Alexandrite 1.745
Aluminum 1.44
Amber 1.546
Amblygonite 1.611
Amethyst 1.544
Anatase 2.490
Andalusite 1.641
Anhydrite 1.571
Apatite 1.632
Apophyllite 1.536
Aquamarine 1.577
Aragonite 1.530
Argon 1.000281
Asphalt 1.635
Augelite 1.574
Axinite 1.675
Azurite 1.730
Barite 1.636
Barytocalcite 1.684
Benitoite 1.757
Benzene 1.501
Beryl 1.577
Beryllonite 1.553
Brazilianite 1.603
Bromine (liq) 1.661
Bronze 1.18
Brownite 1.567
Calcite 1.486
Calspar 1.486
Cancrinite 1.491
Carbon Dioxide (gas) 1.000449
Carbon Disulfide 1.628
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.460
Cassiterite 1.997
Celestite 1.622
Cerussite 1.804
Ceylanite 1.770
Chalcedony 1.530
Chalk 1.510
Chalybite 1.630
Chlorine (gas) 1.000768
Chlorine (liq) 1.385
Chrome Green 2.4
Chrome Red 2.42
Chrome Yellow 2.31
Chromium 2.97
Chrysoberyl 1.745
Chrysocolla 1.500
Chrysoprase 1.534
Citrine 1.550
Clinozoisite 1.724
Cobalt Blue 1.74
Cobalt Green 1.97
Cobalt Violet 1.71
Colemanite 1.586
Copper 1.10
Copper Oxide 2.705
Coral 1.486
Cordierite 1.540
Corundum 1.766
Crocoite 2.310
Crystal 2.00
Cuprite 2.850
Danburite 1.633
Diamond 2.417
Diopside 1.680
Dolomite 1.503
Dumortierite 1.686
Ebonite 1.66
Ekanite 1.600
Elaeolite 1.532
Emerald 1.576
Emerald, Synth flux 1.561
Emerald, Synth hydro 1.568
Enstatite 1.663
Epidote 1.733
Ethanol 1.36
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Euclase 1.652
Fabulite 2.409
Feldspar, Adventurine 1.532
Feldspar, Albite 1.525
Feldspar, Amazonite 1.525
Feldspar, Labradorite 1.565
Feldspar, Microcline 1.525
Feldspar, Oligoclase 1.539
Feldspar, Orthoclase 1.525
Fluoride 1.56
Fluorite 1.434
Formica 1.47
Garnet, Almandine 1.760
Garnet, Almandite 1.790
Garnet, Andradite 1.820
Garnet, Demantoid 1.880
Garnet, Grossular 1.738
Garnet, Hessonite 1.745
Garnet, Rhodolite 1.760
Garnet, Spessartite 1.810
Gaylussite 1.517
Glass 1.51714
Glass, Albite 1.4890
Glass, Crown 1.520
Glass, Crown, Zinc 1.517
Glass, Flint, Dense 1.66
Glass, Flint, Heaviest 1.89
Glass, Flint, Heavy 1.65548
Glass, Flint, Lanthanum 1.80
Glass, Flint, Light 1.58038
Glass, Flint, Medium 1.62725
Glycerine 1.473
Gold 0.47
Hambergite 1.559
Hauynite 1.502
Helium 1.000036
Hematite 2.940
Hemimorphite 1.614
Hiddenite 1.655
Howlite 1.586
Hydrogen (gas) 1.000140
Hydrogen (liq) 1.0974
Hypersthene 1.670
Ice 1.309
Idocrase 1.713
Iodine Crystal 3.34
Iolite 1.548
Iron 1.51
Ivory 1.540
Jade, Nephrite 1.610
Jadeite 1.665
Jasper 1.540
Jet 1.660
Kornerupine 1.665
Kunzite 1.655
Kyanite 1.715
Lapis Gem 1.500
Lapis Lazuli 1.61
Lazulite 1.615
Lead 2.01
Leucite 1.509
Magnesite 1.515
Malachite 1.655
Meerschaum 1.530
Mercury (liq) 1.62
Methanol 1.329
Moldavite 1.500
Moonstone, Adularia 1.525
Moonstone, Albite 1.535
Natrolite 1.480
Nephrite 1.600
Nitrogen (gas) 1.000297
Nitrogen (liq) 1.2053
Nylon 1.53
Obsidian 1.489
Olivine 1.670
Onyx 1.486
Opal 1.450
Oxygen (gas) 1.000276
Oxygen (liq) 1.221
Painite 1.787
Pearl 1.530
Periclase 1.740
Peridot 1.654
Peristerite 1.525
Petalite 1.502
Phenakite 1.650
Phosgenite 2.117
Plastic 1.460
Plexiglas 1.50
Polystyrene 1.55
Prase 1.540
Prasiolite 1.540
Prehnite 1.610
Proustite 2.790
Purpurite 1.840
Pyrite 1.810
Pyrope 1.740
Quartz 1.544
Quartz, Fused 1.45843
Rhodizite 1.690
Rhodochrisite 1.600
Rhodonite 1.735
Rock Salt 1.544
Rubber, Natural 1.5191
Ruby 1.760
Rutile 2.62
Sanidine 1.522
Sapphire 1.760
Scapolite 1.540
Scapolite, Yellow 1.555
Scheelite 1.920
Selenium, Amorphous 2.92
Serpentine 1.560
Shell 1.530
Silicon 4.24
Sillimanite 1.658
Silver 0.18
Sinhalite 1.699
Smaragdite 1.608
Smithsonite 1.621
Sodalite 1.483
Sodium Chloride 1.544
Sphalerite 2.368
Sphene 1.885
Spinel 1.712
Spodumene 1.650
Staurolite 1.739
Steatite 1.539
Steel 2.50
Stichtite 1.520
Strontium Titanate 2.410
Styrofoam 1.595
Sulphur 1.960
Synthetic Spinel 1.730
Taaffeite 1.720
Tantalite 2.240
Tanzanite 1.691
Teflon 1.35
Thomsonite 1.530
Tiger eye 1.544
Topaz 1.620
Topaz, Blue 1.610
Topaz, Pink 1.620
Topaz, White 1.630
Topaz, Yellow 1.620
Tourmaline 1.624
Tremolite 1.600
Tugtupite 1.496
Turpentine 1.472
Turquoise 1.610
Ulexite 1.490
Uvarovite 1.870
Variscite 1.550
Vivianite 1.580
Wardite 1.590
Water (gas) 1.000261
Water 100'C 1.31819
Water 20'C 1.33335
Water 35'C (Room temp) 1.33157
Willemite 1.690
Witherite 1.532
Wulfenite 2.300
Zincite 2.010
Zircon, High 1.960
Zircon, Low 1.800
Zirconia, Cubic 2.170

/ Magnus
Magnus3D
07-01-2007, 10:14 PM
Part 2/2

Sorted by refractive index:
Silver 0.18
Gold 0.47
Helium 1.000036
Hydrogen (gas) 1.00014
Water (gas) 1.000261
Oxygen (gas) 1.000276
Argon 1.000281
Air 1.0002926
Nitrogen (gas) 1.000297
Carbon Dioxide (gas) 1.000449
Chlorine (gas) 1.000768
Hydrogen (liq) 1.0974
Copper 1.1
Bronze 1.18
Nitrogen (liq) 1.2053
Oxygen (liq) 1.221
Ice 1.309
Water 100'C 1.31819
Alcohol 1.329
Methanol 1.329
Water 35'C (Room temp) 1.33157
Water 20'C 1.33335
Teflon 1.35
Acetone 1.36
Ethanol 1.36
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Chlorine (liq) 1.385
Fluorite 1.434
Aluminum 1.44
Opal 1.45
Quartz, Fused 1.45843
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.46
Plastic 1.46
Formica 1.47
Turpentine 1.472
Glycerine 1.473
Natrolite 1.48
Sodalite 1.483
Calcite 1.486
Calspar 1.486
Coral 1.486
Onyx 1.486
Glass, Albite 1.489
Obsidian 1.489
Ulexite 1.49
Cancrinite 1.491
Tugtupite 1.496
Chrysocolla 1.5
Lapis Gem 1.5
Moldavite 1.5
Plexiglas 1.5
Benzene 1.501
Hauynite 1.502
Petalite 1.502
Dolomite 1.503
Leucite 1.509
Chalk 1.51
Iron 1.51
Magnesite 1.515
Gaylussite 1.517
Glass, Crown, Zinc 1.517
Glass 1.51714
Rubber, Natural 1.5191
Glass, Crown 1.52
Stichtite 1.52
Sanidine 1.522
Feldspar, Albite 1.525
Feldspar, Amazonite 1.525
Feldspar, Microcline 1.525
Feldspar, Orthoclase 1.525
Moonstone, Adularia 1.525
Peristerite 1.525
Aragonite 1.53
Chalcedony 1.53
Meerschaum 1.53
Nylon 1.53
Pearl 1.53
Shell 1.53
Thomsonite 1.53
Elaeolite 1.532
Feldspar, Adventurine 1.532
Witherite 1.532
Chrysoprase 1.534
Moonstone, Albite 1.535
Apophyllite 1.536
Feldspar, Oligoclase 1.539
Steatite 1.539
Agate, Moss 1.54
Cordierite 1.54
Ivory 1.54
Jasper 1.54
Prase 1.54
Prasiolite 1.54
Scapolite 1.54
Agate 1.544
Amethyst 1.544
Quartz 1.544
Rock Salt 1.544
Sodium Chloride 1.544
Tiger eye 1.544
Amber 1.546
Iolite 1.548
Agalmatoite 1.55
Citrine 1.55
Polystyrene 1.55
Variscite 1.55
Beryllonite 1.553
Scapolite, Yellow 1.555
Hambergite 1.559
Fluoride 1.56
Serpentine 1.56
Emerald, Synth flux 1.561
Feldspar, Labradorite 1.565
Brownite 1.567
Emerald, Synth hydro 1.568
Anhydrite 1.571
Augelite 1.574
Emerald 1.576
Aquamarine 1.577
Beryl 1.577
Vivianite 1.58
Glass, Flint, Light 1.58038
Colemanite 1.586
Howlite 1.586
Wardite 1.59
Styrofoam 1.595
Ekanite 1.6
Nephrite 1.6
Rhodochrisite 1.6
Tremolite 1.6
Brazilianite 1.603
Smaragdite 1.608
Jade, Nephrite 1.61
Lapis Lazuli 1.61
Prehnite 1.61
Topaz, Blue 1.61
Turquoise 1.61
Amblygonite 1.611
Hemimorphite 1.614
Lazulite 1.615
Actinolite 1.618
Mercury (liq) 1.62
Topaz 1.62
Topaz, Pink 1.62
Topaz, Yellow 1.62
Smithsonite 1.621
Celestite 1.622
Tourmaline 1.624
Glass, Flint, Medium 1.62725
Carbon Disulfide 1.628
Chalybite 1.63
Topaz, White 1.63
Apatite 1.632
Danburite 1.633
Asphalt 1.635
Barite 1.636
Andalusite 1.641
Phenakite 1.65
Spodumene 1.65
Euclase 1.652
Peridot 1.654
Hiddenite 1.655
Kunzite 1.655
Malachite 1.655
Glass, Flint, Heavy 1.65548
Sillimanite 1.658
Ebonite 1.66
Glass, Flint, Dense 1.66
Jet 1.66
Bromine (liq) 1.661
Enstatite 1.663
Jadeite 1.665
Kornerupine 1.665
Hypersthene 1.67
Olivine 1.67
Axinite 1.675
Diopside 1.68
Barytocalcite 1.684
Dumortierite 1.686
Rhodizite 1.69
Willemite 1.69
Tanzanite 1.691
Sinhalite 1.699
Cobalt Violet 1.71
Spinel 1.712
Idocrase 1.713
Kyanite 1.715
Taaffeite 1.72
Clinozoisite 1.724
Azurite 1.73
Synthetic Spinel 1.73
Epidote 1.733
Rhodonite 1.735
Silver 0.18
Gold 0.47
Helium 1.000036
Hydrogen (gas) 1.00014
Water (gas) 1.000261
Oxygen (gas) 1.000276
Argon 1.000281
Air 1.0002926
Nitrogen (gas) 1.000297
Carbon Dioxide (gas) 1.000449
Chlorine (gas) 1.000768
Hydrogen (liq) 1.0974
Copper 1.1
Bronze 1.18
Nitrogen (liq) 1.2053
Oxygen (liq) 1.221
Ice 1.309
Water 100'C 1.31819
Alcohol 1.329
Methanol 1.329
Water 35'C (Room temp) 1.33157
Water 20'C 1.33335
Teflon 1.35
Acetone 1.36
Ethanol 1.36
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Chlorine (liq) 1.385
Fluorite 1.434
Aluminum 1.44
Opal 1.45
Quartz, Fused 1.45843
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.46
Plastic 1.46
Formica 1.47
Turpentine 1.472
Glycerine 1.473
Natrolite 1.48
Sodalite 1.483
Calcite 1.486
Calspar 1.486
Coral 1.486
Onyx 1.486
Glass, Albite 1.489
Obsidian 1.489
Ulexite 1.49
Cancrinite 1.491
Tugtupite 1.496
Chrysocolla 1.5
Lapis Gem 1.5
Moldavite 1.5
Plexiglas 1.5
Benzene 1.501
Hauynite 1.502
Petalite 1.502
Dolomite 1.503
Leucite 1.509
Chalk 1.51
Iron 1.51
Magnesite 1.515
Gaylussite 1.517
Glass, Crown, Zinc 1.517
Glass 1.51714
Rubber, Natural 1.5191
Glass, Crown 1.52
Stichtite 1.52
Sanidine 1.522
Feldspar, Albite 1.525
Feldspar, Amazonite 1.525
Feldspar, Microcline 1.525
Feldspar, Orthoclase 1.525
Moonstone, Adularia 1.525
Peristerite 1.525
Aragonite 1.53
Chalcedony 1.53
Meerschaum 1.53
Nylon 1.53
Pearl 1.53
Shell 1.53
Thomsonite 1.53
Elaeolite 1.532
Feldspar, Adventurine 1.532
Witherite 1.532
Chrysoprase 1.534
Moonstone, Albite 1.535
Apophyllite 1.536
Feldspar, Oligoclase 1.539
Steatite 1.539
Agate, Moss 1.54
Cordierite 1.54
Ivory 1.54
Jasper 1.54
Prase 1.54
Prasiolite 1.54
Scapolite 1.54
Agate 1.544
Amethyst 1.544
Quartz 1.544
Rock Salt 1.544
Sodium Chloride 1.544
Tiger eye 1.544
Amber 1.546
Iolite 1.548
Agalmatoite 1.55
Citrine 1.55
Polystyrene 1.55
Variscite 1.55
Beryllonite 1.553
Scapolite, Yellow 1.555
Hambergite 1.559
Fluoride 1.56
Serpentine 1.56
Emerald, Synth flux 1.561
Feldspar, Labradorite 1.565
Brownite 1.567
Emerald, Synth hydro 1.568
Anhydrite 1.571
Augelite 1.574
Emerald 1.576
Aquamarine 1.577
Beryl 1.577
Vivianite 1.58
Glass, Flint, Light 1.58038
Colemanite 1.586
Howlite 1.586
Wardite 1.59
Styrofoam 1.595
Ekanite 1.6
Nephrite 1.6
Rhodochrisite 1.6
Tremolite 1.6
Brazilianite 1.603
Smaragdite 1.608
Jade, Nephrite 1.61
Lapis Lazuli 1.61
Prehnite 1.61
Topaz, Blue 1.61
Turquoise 1.61
Amblygonite 1.611
Hemimorphite 1.614
Lazulite 1.615
Actinolite 1.618
Mercury (liq) 1.62
Topaz 1.62
Topaz, Pink 1.62
Topaz, Yellow 1.62
Smithsonite 1.621
Celestite 1.622
Tourmaline 1.624
Glass, Flint, Medium 1.62725
Carbon Disulfide 1.628
Chalybite 1.63
Topaz, White 1.63
Apatite 1.632
Danburite 1.633
Asphalt 1.635
Barite 1.636
Andalusite 1.641
Phenakite 1.65
Spodumene 1.65
Euclase 1.652
Peridot 1.654
Hiddenite 1.655
Kunzite 1.655
Malachite 1.655
Glass, Flint, Heavy 1.65548
Sillimanite 1.658
Ebonite 1.66
Glass, Flint, Dense 1.66
Jet 1.66
Bromine (liq) 1.661
Enstatite 1.663
Jadeite 1.665
Kornerupine 1.665
Hypersthene 1.67
Olivine 1.67
Axinite 1.675
Diopside 1.68
Barytocalcite 1.684
Dumortierite 1.686
Rhodizite 1.69
Willemite 1.69
Tanzanite 1.691
Sinhalite 1.699
Cobalt Violet 1.71
Spinel 1.712
Idocrase 1.713
Kyanite 1.715
Taaffeite 1.72
Clinozoisite 1.724
Azurite 1.73
Synthetic Spinel 1.73
Epidote 1.733
Rhodonite 1.735
Garnet, Grossular 1.738
Staurolite 1.739
Cobalt Blue 1.74
Periclase 1.74
Pyrope 1.74
Alexandrite 1.745
Chrysoberyl 1.745
Garnet, Hessonite 1.745
Benitoite 1.757
Garnet, Almandine 1.76
Garnet, Rhodolite 1.76
Ruby 1.76
Sapphire 1.76
Corundum 1.766
Ceylanite 1.77
Painite 1.787
Garnet, Almandite 1.79
Glass, Flint, Lanthanum 1.8
Zircon, Low 1.8
Cerussite 1.804
Garnet, Spessartite 1.81
Pyrite 1.81
Garnet, Andradite 1.82
Purpurite 1.84
Uvarovite 1.87
Garnet, Demantoid 1.88
Sphene 1.885
Glass, Flint, Heaviest 1.89
Scheelite 1.92
Sulphur 1.96
Zircon, High 1.96
Cobalt Green 1.97
Cassiterite 1.997
Crystal 2
Lead 2.01
Zincite 2.01
Phosgenite 2.117
Zirconia, Cubic 2.17
Tantalite 2.24
Wulfenite 2.3
Chrome Yellow 2.31
Crocoite 2.31
Sphalerite 2.368
Chrome Green 2.4
Fabulite 2.409
Strontium Titanate 2.41
Diamond 2.417
Chrome Red 2.42
Anatase 2.49
Steel 2.5
Rutile 2.62
Copper Oxide 2.705
Proustite 2.79
Cuprite 2.85
Selenium, Amorphous 2.92
Hematite 2.94
Chromium 2.97
Iodine Crystal 3.34
Silicon 4.24

Almandine 1.830
Andradite 1.887
Apatite 1.624- 1.667
Aragonite 1.530 - 1.686
Barite 1.636 - 1.648
Beryl 1.565 - 1.598
Calcite 1.486 - 1.740
Cerussite 1.804 - 2.079
Chrysoberyl 1.746 - 1.756
Corundum 1.759 - 1.772
Diamond 2.418
Fluorite 1.434
Grossularite 1.734
Gypsum 1.519 - 1.531
Halite 1.544
Microcline 1.514 - 1.539
Olivine 1.63 - 1.88
Opal 1.41 - 1.46
Quartz 1.544 - 1.553
Rhodochrosite 1.597 - 1.816
Rutile 2.605 - 2.901
Scapolite 1.546 - 1.600
Sodalite 1.483 - 1.487
Spessartine 1.800
Sphalerite 2.369
Sphene 1.843 - 2.110
Spinel 1.719
Topaz 1.606 - 1.638
Tourmaline 1.635 - 1.675
Zircon 1.923 - 2.015

Table 1: Index of refraction of water as a
function of wave length and water temperature.
----------------------------------------------
Wave Length
(Angstroms) T=10 C T=20 C T=30 C

7065 1.3307 1.3300 1.3290
5893 1.3337 1.3330 1.3319
5016 1.3371 1.3364 1.3353
4047 1.3435 1.3427 1.3417

Vaccuum 1.000000
Helium 1.000036
Hydrogen 1.000140
Oxygen 1.000276
Argon 1.000281
Air 1.0002926
Nitrogen 1.000297
Carbon Dioxide 1.000449
Liquid Hydrogen 1.0974
Liquid Nitrogen 1.2053
Water at 00C 1.309
Water at 1000C 1.31819
Alcohol 1.329
Water 350C 1.33157
Acetone 1.36
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Chlorine 1.385
Fluorite 1.434
Opal 1.450
Quartz 1.45843
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.460
Plastic 1.460
Turpentine 1.472
Glycerine 1.473
Plexiglass 1.50
Benzene 1.501
Glass 1.51714
Ruby 1.760
Sapphire 1.760
Sulphur 1.960
Crystal 2.00
Diamond 2.417
Steel 2.50
Silicon 4.24

Nylon 1.53
Obsidian 1.50
Plastic 1.460 - 1.55
Plexiglas 1.488
Salt 1.516
Glass, Flint, 29% lead 1.569
Glass, Flint, 55% lead 1.669
Glass, Flint, 71% lead 1.805
Glass, Fused Silica 1.459
Glass, Pyrex 1.474
Lucite 1.495
Acetone 1.36
Alcohol, Ethyl (grain) 1.36
Alcohol, Methyl (wood) 1.329
Beer 1.345
Carbonated Beverages 1.34 - 1.356
Fruit Juice
Chlorine (liq) 1.385
Cranberry Juice (25%) 1.351
Glycerin 1.473
Honey, 13% water content 1.504
Honey, 17% water content 1.494
Honey, 21% water content 1.484
Ice 1.309
Milk 1.35
Oil, Clove 1.535
Oil, Lemon 1.481
Oil, Neroli 1.482
Oil, Orange 1.473
Oil, Safflower 1.466
Oil, vegetable (50' C) 1.47
Oil of Wintergreen 1.536
Rum, White 1.361
Shampoo 1.362
Sugar Solution 30% 1.38
Sugar Solution 80% 1.49
Turpentine 1.472
Vodka 1.363
Water (0' C) 1.33346
Water (100' C) 1.31766
Water (20' C) 1.33283
Whisky 1.356
Aluminum 1.39
Copper 2.43
Gold 0.47
Mylar 1.65
Nickel 1.08
Platinum 2.33
Silver 1.35
Titanium 2.16
Agate 1.544 - 1.553
Alexandrite 1.746 - 1.755
Almandine 1.75 - 1.83
Amber 1.539 - 1.545
Amethyst 1.532 - 1.554
Ammolite 1.52 -1.68
Andalusite 1.629 - 1.650
Apatite 1.632 - 1.42
Aquamarine 1.567-1.590
Axenite 1.674 - 1.704
Beryl 1.57 - 1.60
Beryl, Red 1.570 - 1.598
Chalcedony 1.544 - 1.553
Chrome Tourmaline, 1.61 - 1.64
Citrine 1.532 - 1.554
Clinohumite 1.625 - 1.675
Coral 1.486 - 1.658
Crystal 2.000
Crysoberyl, Catseye 1.746 - 1.755
Danburite 1.627 - 1.641
Diamond 2.417
Emerald 1.560 - 1.605
Emerald Catseye 1.560 - 1.605
Flourite 1.434
Garnet, Grossular 1.72 - 1.80
Garnet, Andradite 1.88 - 1.94
Garnet, Demantiod 1.880 - 1.9
Garnet, Mandarin 1.790 - 1.8
Garnet, Pyrope 1.73 - 1.76
Garnet, Rhodolite 1.740 - 1.770
Garnet, Tsavorite 1.739 - 1.744
Garnet, Uvarovite 1.74 - 1.87
Hauyn 1.490 - 1.505
Iolite 1.522 - 1.578
Jade, Jadeite 1.64 - 1.667
Jade, Nephrite 1.600 - 1.641
Jet 1.660
Kunzite 1.660 - 1.676
Labradorite 1.560 - 1.572
Lapis Lazuli 1.50 - 1.55
Moonstone 1.518 - 1.526
Morganite 1.585 - 1.594
Obsidian 1.50
Opal, Black 1.440 - 1.460
Opal, Fire 1.430 - 1.460
Opal, White 1.440 - 1.460
Oregon Sunstone 1.560 - 1.572
Padparadja 1.760 - 1.773
Pearl 1.53 - 1.69
Peridot 1.635 - 1.690
Quartz 1.544 - 1.553
Ruby 1.757 - 1.779
Sapphire 1.757 - 1.779
Sapphire, Star 1.760 - 1.773
Spessarite 1.79 - 1.81
Spinel 1.712 - 1.717
Spinel, Blue 1.712 - 1.747
Spinel, Red 1.708 - 1.735
Star Ruby 1.76 - 1.773
Tanzanite 1.690-1.7
Tanzanite 1.692 - 1.700
Topaz 1.607 - 1.627
Topaz, Imperial 1.605-1.640
Tourmaline 1.603 - 1.655
Tourmaline, Blue 1.61 - 1.64
Tourmaline, Catseye 1.61 - 1.64
Tourmaline, Green 1.61 - 1.64
Tourmaline, Paraiba 1.61 - 1.65
Tourmaline, Red 1.61 - 1.64
Zircon 1.777 - 1.987
Zirconia, Cubic 2.173 - 2.21

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