BRDF และ IOR
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function
ในงาน render MentalRay V-Ray จะเห็นโหมดที่เรียกว่า BRDF ซึ่งมาจาก bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF; 
) ซึ่งเป็น function 4มิติที่อธิบายถึง การสะท้อนของแสงเมื่อมันผ่านวัตถุที่โปร่งแสงอย่างไร Function มีค่าเป็นตรงกันข้ามกับทิศทางแสงที่เดินทางเข้ามา 
และเป็น 
เมื่อแสงเดินทางออก โดยแสงทั้งสองจะวิ่งไปเป็นทางเดียวกันกับ Normal(ทาง 3d คือ ด้านหน้าสุดของpolygon) symbol= (n) และสะท้อนกลับไปเป็นอัตราตามค่าการเรืองแสงของวัตถุนั้นๆ( ) และกระจายแสงไปตามพื้นผิว ซึ่งทิศทางของมันขึ้นอยู่กับองศาที่มันวิ่งไปกระทบวัตถุ
) ซึ่งเป็น function 4มิติที่อธิบายถึง การสะท้อนของแสงเมื่อมันผ่านวัตถุที่โปร่งแสงอย่างไร Function มีค่าเป็นตรงกันข้ามกับทิศทางแสงที่เดินทางเข้ามา และเป็น เมื่อแสงเดินทางออก โดยแสงทั้งสองจะวิ่งไปเป็นทางเดียวกันกับ Normal(ทาง 3d คือ ด้านหน้าสุดของpolygon) symbol= (n) และสะท้อนกลับไปเป็นอัตราตามค่าการเรืองแสงของวัตถุนั้นๆ( ) และกระจายแสงไปตามพื้นผิว ซึ่งทิศทางของมันขึ้นอยู่กับองศาที่มันวิ่งไปกระทบวัตถุ
สมการที่ Fred Nicodemus คิดค้นขึ้นราวๆ1965 คือ
BRDF ใน Maya
ใน artibute ของMaya จะอยู่ที่ Material ของวัตถุนั้นๆ การสะท้อนแสงเข้ากล้องจะทำมุม 90 องศา ซึ่งค่าdefault คือ 1.0 (90 degree Reflection) เราปรับทิศทางได้ซึ่งจะทำให้แสงมีมุมตั้งขึ้น อย่างเช่น 0.9 จะทำให้แสงเข้ากล้องได้ไม่เต็มร้อย มีผลทำให้ hilight จางลง วิธีนี้ต้องเปิดfinal gather ไว้ด้วยจะเห็นได้ชัด หรือใน V-ray จะเป็นการเปิด GI
ตัวอย่างที่1: 0 Degree Reflection=0.2 และ 90 degree Reflection =1.0
ตัวอย่างที่3: 0 Degree Reflection=0.2 และ 90 degree Reflection =0.5
ในกรณีที่ตั้งค่า reflect ใบไม้ไว้สูงhilight ที่ได้จะเข้ม จึงลดองศาลงไปเพื่อปรับโทนสีโดยรวมใบไม้ให้สว่างรวมๆกัน
ส่วน Fresnel Reflection
เป็น option ที่ใช้กับการสะท้อนแสงของกระจก เมื่อclick ใช้งานมันจะสะท้อนในตัวเองและต้องขึ้นอยู่กับ IOR (ค่าดัชนีการหักเหของแสงIndex of refraction)ของวัตถุชิ้นนั้นๆด้วย
IOR ของวัตถุแต่ละชิ้น (อ้างอิงจาก cgsociety.org)
Acetone 1.36
Actinolite 1.618 Agate 1.544 Agate, Moss 1.540 Air 1.0002926 Alcohol 1.329 Alexandrite 1.745 Aluminum 1.44 Amber 1.546 Amblygonite 1.611 Amethyst 1.544 Anatase 2.490 Andalusite 1.641 Anhydrite 1.571 Apatite 1.632 Apophyllite 1.536 Aquamarine 1.577 Aragonite 1.530 Argon 1.000281 Asphalt 1.635 Augelite 1.574 Axinite 1.675 Azurite 1.730 Barite 1.636 Barytocalcite 1.684 Benitoite 1.757 Benzene 1.501 Beryl 1.577 Beryllonite 1.553 Brazilianite 1.603 Bromine (liq) 1.661 Bronze 1.18 Calcite 1.486 Cancrinite 1.491 Carbon Dioxide (gas) 1.000449 Carbon Disulfide 1.628 Carbon Tetrachloride 1.460 Cassiterite 1.997 Celestite 1.622 Cerussite 1.804 Ceylanite 1.770 Chalcedony 1.530 Chalk 1.510 Chalybite 1.630 Chlorine (gas) 1.000768 Chlorine (liq) 1.385 Chrome Green 2.4 Chrome Red 2.42 Chrome Yellow 2.31 Chromium 2.97 Chrysoberyl 1.745 Chrysocolla 1.500 Chrysoprase 1.534 Citrine 1.550 Clinozoisite 1.724 Cobalt Blue 1.74 Cobalt Green 1.97 Cobalt Violet 1.71 Colemanite 1.586 Copper 1.10 Copper Oxide 2.705 Coral 1.486 Cordierite 1.540 Corundum 1.766 Crocoite 2.310 Crystal 2.00 Cuprite 2.850 Danburite 1.633 Diamond 2.417 Diopside 1.680 Dolomite 1.503 Dumortierite 1.686 Ebonite 1.66 Ekanite 1.600 Elaeolite 1.532 Emerald 1.576 Emerald, Synth flux 1.561 Emerald, Synth hydro 1.568 Enstatite 1.663 Epidote 1.733 Ethanol 1.36 Ethyl Alcohol 1.36 Euclase 1.652 Feldspar, Adventurine 1.532 Feldspar, Albite 1.525 Feldspar, Amazonite 1.525 Feldspar, Labradorite 1.565 Feldspar, Microcline 1.525 Feldspar, Oligoclase 1.539 Feldspar, orthoclase 1.525 Fluoride 1.56 Fluorite 1.434 Formica 1.47 Garnet, Almandine 1.760 Garnet, Almandite 1.790 Garnet, Andradite 1.820 Garnet, Demantoid 1.880 Garnet, Grossular 1.738 Garnet, Hessonite 1.745 Garnet, Rhodolite 1.760 Garnet, Spessartite 1.810 Gaylussite 1.517 Glass 1.51714 Glass, Albite 1.4890 Glass, Crown 1.520 Glass, Crown, Zinc 1.517 Glass, Flint, Dense 1.66 Glass, Flint, Heaviest 1.89 Glass, Flint, Heavy 1.65548 Glass, Flint, Lanthanum 1.80 Glass, Flint, Light 1.58038 Glass, Flint, Medium 1.62725 Glycerine 1.473 Gold 0.47 Hambergite 1.559 Hauynite 1.502 Helium 1.000036 Hematite 2.940 Hemimorphite 1.614 Hiddenite 1.655 Howlite 1.586 Hydrogen (gas) 1.000140 Hydrogen (liq) 1.0974 Hypersthene 1.670 Ice 1.309 Idocrase 1.713 Iodine Crystal 3.34 Iolite 1.548 Iron 1.51 Ivory 1.540 Jade, Nephrite 1.610 Jadeite 1.665 Jasper 1.540 Jet 1.660 Kornerupine 1.665 Kunzite 1.655 Kyanite 1.715 Lapis Gem 1.500 Lapis Lazuli 1.61 Lazulite 1.615 Lead 2.01 Leucite 1.509 Magnesite 1.515 Malachite 1.655 Meerschaum 1.530 Mercury (liq) 1.62 Methanol 1.329 Moldavite 1.500 Moonstone, Adularia 1.525 Moonstone, Albite 1.535 Natrolite 1.480 Nephrite 1.600 Nitrogen (gas) 1.000297 Nitrogen (liq) 1.2053 Nylon 1.53 Obsidian 1.489 Olivine 1.670 Onyx 1.486 Opal 1.450 Oxygen (gas) 1.000276 Oxygen (liq) 1.221 Painite 1.787 Pearl 1.530 Periclase 1.740 Peridot 1.654 Peristerite 1.525 Petalite 1.502 Phenakite 1.650 Phosgenite 2.117 Plastic 1.460 Plexiglas 1.50 Polystyrene 1.55 Prase 1.540 Prasiolite 1.540 Prehnite 1.610 Proustite 2.790 Purpurite 1.840 Pyrite 1.810 Pyrope 1.740 Quartz 1.544 Quartz, Fused 1.45843 Rhodizite 1.690 Rhodonite 1.735 Rock Salt 1.544 Rubber, Natural 1.5191 Ruby 1.760 Rutile 2.62 Sanidine 1.522 Sapphire 1.760 Scapolite 1.540 Scapolite, Yellow 1.555 Scheelite 1.920 Selenium, Amorphous 2.92 Serpentine 1.560 Shell 1.530 Silicon 4.24 Sillimanite 1.658 Silver 0.18 Sinhalite 1.699 Smaragdite 1.608 Smithsonite 1.621 Sodalite 1.483 Sodium Chloride 1.544 Sphalerite 2.368 Sphene 1.885 Spinel 1.712 Spodumene 1.650 Staurolite 1.739 Steatite 1.539 Steel 2.50 Stichtite 1.520 Strontium Titanate 2.410 Styrofoam 1.595 Sulphur 1.960 Synthetic Spinel 1.730 Taaffeite 1.720 Tantalite 2.240 Tanzanite 1.691 Teflon 1.35 Thomsonite 1.530 Tiger eye 1.544 Topaz 1.620 Topaz, Blue 1.610 Topaz, Pink 1.620 Topaz, White 1.630 Topaz, Yellow 1.620 Tourmaline 1.624 Tremolite 1.600 Tugtupite 1.496 Turpentine 1.472 Turquoise 1.610 Ulexite 1.490 Uvarovite 1.870 Variscite 1.550 Vivianite 1.580 Wardite 1.590 Water (gas) 1.000261 Water 100'C 1.31819 Water 20'C 1.33335 Water 35'C (Room temp) 1.33157 Willemite 1.690 Witherite 1.532 Wulfenite 2.300 Zincite 2.010 Zircon, High 1.960 Zircon, Low 1.800 Zirconia, Cubic 2.170 Liquids Acetone 1.36 Alcohol, Ethyl (grain) 1.36 Alcohol, Methyl (wood) 1.329 Beer 1.345 Carbonated Beverages 1.34 - 1.356 Fruit Juice Chlorine (liq) 1.385 Cranberry Juice (25%) 1.351 Glycerin 1.473 Honey, 13% water content 1.504 Honey, 17% water content 1.494 Honey, 21% water content 1.484 Ice 1.309 Milk 1.35 Oil, Clove 1.535 Oil, Lemon 1.481 Oil, Neroli 1.482 Oil, Orange 1.473 Oil, Safflower 1.466 Oil, vegetable (50� C) 1.47 Oil of Wintergreen 1.536 Rum, White 1.361 Shampoo 1.362 Sugar Solution 30% 1.38 Sugar Solution 80% 1.49 Turpentine 1.472 Vodka 1.363 Water (0� C) 1.33346 Water (100� C) 1.31766 Water (20� C) 1.33283 Whisky 1.356 Minerals & Gemstones Alexandrite 1.746 - 1.755 Almandine 1.75 - 1.83 Amber 1.539 - 1.545 Amethyst 1.532 - 1.554 Ammolite 1.52 -1.68 Andalusite 1.629 - 1.650 Apatite 1.632 - 1.42 Aquamarine 1.567-1.590 Axenite 1.674 - 1.704 Beryl 1.57 - 1.60 Beryl, Red 1.570 - 1.598 Chalcedony 1.544 - 1.553 Chrome Tourmaline, 1.61 - 1.64 Citrine 1.532 - 1.554 Clinohumite 1.625 - 1.675 Coral 1.486 - 1.658 Crystal 2.000 Crysoberyl, Catseye 1.746 - 1.755 Danburite 1.627 - 1.641 Diamond 2.417 Emerald 1.560 - 1.605 Emerald Catseye 1.560 - 1.605 Flourite 1.434 Garnet, Andradite 1.88 - 1.94 Garnet, Demantiod 1.880 - 1.9 Garnet, Mandarin 1.790 - 1.8 Garnet, Pyrope 1.73 - 1.76 Garnet, Rhodolite 1.740 - 1.770 Garnet, Tsavorite 1.739 - 1.744 Garnet, Uvarovite 1.74 - 1.87 Hauyn 1.490 - 1.505 Iolite 1.522 - 1.578 Jade, Jadeite 1.64 - 1.667 Jade, Nephrite 1.600 - 1.641 Jet 1.660 Kunzite 1.660 - 1.676 Labradorite 1.560 - 1.572 Lapis Lazuli 1.50 - 1.55 Moonstone 1.518 - 1.526 Morganite 1.585 - 1.594 Obsidian 1.50 Opal, Black 1.440 - 1.460 Opal, Fire 1.430 - 1.460 Opal, White 1.440 - 1.460 Oregon Sunstone 1.560 - 1.572 Padparadja 1.760 - 1.773 Peridot 1.635 - 1.690 Quartz 1.544 - 1.553 Ruby 1.757 - 1.779 Sapphire 1.757 - 1.779 Sapphire, Star 1.760 - 1.773 Spessarite 1.79 - 1.81 Spinel 1.712 - 1.717 Spinel, Blue 1.712 - 1.747 Spinel, Red 1.708 - 1.735 Star Ruby 1.76 - 1.773 Tanzanite 1.690-1.7 Tanzanite 1.692 - 1.700 Topaz 1.607 - 1.627 Topaz, Imperial 1.605-1.640 Tourmaline 1.603 - 1.655 Tourmaline, Blue 1.61 - 1.64 Tourmaline, Catseye 1.61 - 1.64 Tourmaline, Green 1.61 - 1.64 Tourmaline, Paraiba 1.61 - 1.65 Tourmaline, Red 1.61 - 1.64 Zircon 1.777 - 1.987 Zirconia, Cubic 2.173 - 2.21 Transparent materials Eye, Aqueous humor 1.33 Eye, Cornea 1.38 Eye, Lens 1.41 Eye, Vitreous humor 1.34 Glass, Arsenic Trisulfide 2.04 Glass, Crown (common) 1.52 Glass, Flint, 29% lead 1.569 Glass, Flint, 55% lead 1.669 Glass, Flint, 71% lead 1.805 Glass, Fused Silica 1.459 Glass, Pyrex 1.474 Lucite 1.495 Nylon 1.53 Obsidian 1.50 Plastic 1.460 - 1.55 Plexiglas 1.488 Salt 1.516 Metals Aluminum 1.39 Copper 2.43 Gold 0.166 Mylar 1.65 Nickel 1.08 Platinum 2.33 Silver 1.35 Titanium 2.16 Vacuum 1.0000 Air 1.0003 Ice 1.31 Water 1.333 Ethyl Alcohol 1.36 Plexiglas 1.51 Crown Glass 1.52 Light Flint Glass 1.58 Dense Flint Glass 1.66 Zircon 1.923 Diamond 2.417 Rutile 2.907 Gallium phosphide 3.50 Various household liquids Glycerin 1,367 All Purpose Orange Cleaner (Pathmark Brand) 1,293 Degreaser 1.377 Shower Gel 1.51 Baby Wash 1.26 Vacuum 1 (exactly) Helium 1.000036 Air @ STP 1.0002926 Carbon dioxide 1.00045 Water Ice 1.31 Liquid Water (20�C) 1.332986 Cryolite 1.338 Acetone 1.36 Ethanol 1.36 Teflon 1.35 - 1.38 Glycerol 1.4729 Acrylic glass 1.490 - 1.492 Rock salt 1.516 Crown glass (pure) 1.50 - 1.54 Salt (NaCl) 1.544 Polycarbonate 1.584 - 1.586 PMMA 1.4893 - 1.4899 PETg 1.57 PET 1.5750 Flint glass (pure) 1.60 - 1.62 Crown glass (impure) 1.485 - 1.755 Bromine 1.661 Flint glass (impure) 1.523 - 1.925 Cubic zirconia 2.15 - 2.18 Diamond 2.419 Moissanite 2.65 - 2.69 Cinnabar (Mercury sulfide) 3.02 Gallium(III) phosphide 3.5 Gallium(III) arsenide 3.927 Silicon 4.01 Acetone 1.36 Actinolite 1.618 Agalmatoite 1.550 Agate 1.544 Agate, Moss 1.540 Air 1.0002926 Alcohol 1.329 Alexandrite 1.745 Aluminum 1.44 Amber 1.546 Amblygonite 1.611 Amethyst 1.544 Anatase 2.490 Andalusite 1.641 Anhydrite 1.571 Apatite 1.632 Apophyllite 1.536 Aquamarine 1.577 Aragonite 1.530 Argon 1.000281 Asphalt 1.635 Augelite 1.574 Axinite 1.675 Azurite 1.730 Barite 1.636 Barytocalcite 1.684 Benitoite 1.757 Benzene 1.501 Beryl 1.577 Beryllonite 1.553 Brazilianite 1.603 Bromine (liq) 1.661 Bronze 1.18 Brownite 1.567 Calcite 1.486 Calspar 1.486 Cancrinite 1.491 Carbon Dioxide (gas) 1.000449 Carbon Disulfide 1.628 Carbon Tetrachloride 1.460 Cassiterite 1.997 Celestite 1.622 Cerussite 1.804 Ceylanite 1.770 Chalcedony 1.530 Chalk 1.510 Chalybite 1.630 Chlorine (gas) 1.000768 Chlorine (liq) 1.385 Chrome Green 2.4 Chrome Red 2.42 Chrome Yellow 2.31 Chromium 2.97 Chrysoberyl 1.745 Chrysocolla 1.500 Chrysoprase 1.534 Citrine 1.550 Clinozoisite 1.724 Cobalt Blue 1.74 Cobalt Green 1.97 Cobalt Violet 1.71 Colemanite 1.586 Copper 1.10 Copper Oxide 2.705 Coral 1.486 Cordierite 1.540 Corundum 1.766 Crocoite 2.310 Crystal 2.00 Cuprite 2.850 Danburite 1.633 Diamond 2.417 Diopside 1.680 Dolomite 1.503 Dumortierite 1.686 Ebonite 1.66 Ekanite 1.600 Elaeolite 1.532 Emerald 1.576 Emerald, Synth flux 1.561 Emerald, Synth hydro 1.568 Enstatite 1.663 Epidote 1.733 Ethanol 1.36 Ethyl Alcohol 1.36 Euclase 1.652 Fabulite 2.409 Feldspar, Adventurine 1.532 Feldspar, Albite 1.525 Feldspar, Amazonite 1.525 Feldspar, Labradorite 1.565 Feldspar, Microcline 1.525 Feldspar, Oligoclase 1.539 Feldspar, Orthoclase 1.525 Fluoride 1.56 Fluorite 1.434 Formica 1.47 Garnet, Almandine 1.760 Garnet, Almandite 1.790 Garnet, Andradite 1.820 Garnet, Demantoid 1.880 Garnet, Grossular 1.738 Garnet, Hessonite 1.745 Garnet, Rhodolite 1.760 Garnet, Spessartite 1.810 Gaylussite 1.517 Glass 1.51714 Glass, Albite 1.4890 Glass, Crown 1.520 Glass, Crown, Zinc 1.517 Glass, Flint, Dense 1.66 Glass, Flint, Heaviest 1.89 Glass, Flint, Heavy 1.65548 Glass, Flint, Lanthanum 1.80 Glass, Flint, Light 1.58038 Glass, Flint, Medium 1.62725 Glycerine 1.473 Gold 0.47 Hambergite 1.559 Hauynite 1.502 Helium 1.000036 Hematite 2.940 Hemimorphite 1.614 Hiddenite 1.655 Howlite 1.586 Hydrogen (gas) 1.000140 Hydrogen (liq) 1.0974 Hypersthene 1.670 Ice 1.309 Idocrase 1.713 Iodine Crystal 3.34 Iolite 1.548 Iron 1.51 Ivory 1.540 Jade, Nephrite 1.610 Jadeite 1.665 Jasper 1.540 Jet 1.660 Kornerupine 1.665 Kunzite 1.655 Kyanite 1.715 Lapis Gem 1.500 Lapis Lazuli 1.61 Lazulite 1.615 Lead 2.01 Leucite 1.509 Magnesite 1.515 Malachite 1.655 Meerschaum 1.530 Mercury (liq) 1.62 Methanol 1.329 Moldavite 1.500 Moonstone, Adularia 1.525 Moonstone, Albite 1.535 Natrolite 1.480 Nephrite 1.600 Nitrogen (gas) 1.000297 Nitrogen (liq) 1.2053 Nylon 1.53 Obsidian 1.489 Olivine 1.670 Onyx 1.486 Opal 1.450 Oxygen (gas) 1.000276 Oxygen (liq) 1.221 Painite 1.787 Pearl 1.530 Periclase 1.740 Peridot 1.654 Peristerite 1.525 Petalite 1.502 Phenakite 1.650 Phosgenite 2.117 Plastic 1.460 Plexiglas 1.50 Polystyrene 1.55 Prase 1.540 Prasiolite 1.540 Prehnite 1.610 Proustite 2.790 Purpurite 1.840 Pyrite 1.810 Pyrope 1.740 Quartz 1.544 Quartz, Fused 1.45843 Rhodizite 1.690 Rhodochrisite 1.600 Rhodonite 1.735 Rock Salt 1.544 Rubber, Natural 1.5191 Ruby 1.760 Rutile 2.62 Sanidine 1.522 Sapphire 1.760 Scapolite 1.540 Scapolite, Yellow 1.555 Scheelite 1.920 Selenium, Amorphous 2.92 Serpentine 1.560 Shell 1.530 Silicon 4.24 Sillimanite 1.658 Silver 0.18 Sinhalite 1.699 Smaragdite 1.608 Smithsonite 1.621 Sodalite 1.483 Sodium Chloride 1.544 Sphalerite 2.368 Sphene 1.885 Spinel 1.712 Spodumene 1.650 Staurolite 1.739 Steatite 1.539 Steel 2.50 Stichtite 1.520 Strontium Titanate 2.410 Styrofoam 1.595 Sulphur 1.960 Synthetic Spinel 1.730 Taaffeite 1.720 Tantalite 2.240 Tanzanite 1.691 Teflon 1.35 Thomsonite 1.530 Tiger eye 1.544 Topaz 1.620 Topaz, Blue 1.610 Topaz, Pink 1.620 Topaz, White 1.630 Topaz, Yellow 1.620 Tourmaline 1.624 Tremolite 1.600 Tugtupite 1.496 Turpentine 1.472 Turquoise 1.610 Ulexite 1.490 Uvarovite 1.870 Variscite 1.550 Vivianite 1.580 Wardite 1.590 Water (gas) 1.000261 Water 100'C 1.31819 Water 20'C 1.33335 Water 35'C (Room temp) 1.33157 Willemite 1.690 Witherite 1.532 Wulfenite 2.300 Zincite 2.010 Zircon, High 1.960 Zircon, Low 1.800 Zirconia, Cubic 2.170 / Magnus |
Magnus3D
07-01-2007, 10:14 PM
Part 2/2
Sorted by refractive index:
Silver 0.18
Gold 0.47
Helium 1.000036
Hydrogen (gas) 1.00014
Water (gas) 1.000261
Oxygen (gas) 1.000276
Argon 1.000281
Air 1.0002926
Nitrogen (gas) 1.000297
Carbon Dioxide (gas) 1.000449
Chlorine (gas) 1.000768
Hydrogen (liq) 1.0974
Copper 1.1
Bronze 1.18
Nitrogen (liq) 1.2053
Oxygen (liq) 1.221
Ice 1.309
Water 100'C 1.31819
Alcohol 1.329
Methanol 1.329
Water 35'C (Room temp) 1.33157
Water 20'C 1.33335
Teflon 1.35
Acetone 1.36
Ethanol 1.36
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Chlorine (liq) 1.385
Fluorite 1.434
Aluminum 1.44
Opal 1.45
Quartz, Fused 1.45843
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.46
Plastic 1.46
Formica 1.47
Turpentine 1.472
Glycerine 1.473
Natrolite 1.48
Sodalite 1.483
Calcite 1.486
Calspar 1.486
Coral 1.486
Onyx 1.486
Glass, Albite 1.489
Obsidian 1.489
Ulexite 1.49
Cancrinite 1.491
Tugtupite 1.496
Chrysocolla 1.5
Lapis Gem 1.5
Moldavite 1.5
Plexiglas 1.5
Benzene 1.501
Hauynite 1.502
Petalite 1.502
Dolomite 1.503
Leucite 1.509
Chalk 1.51
Iron 1.51
Magnesite 1.515
Gaylussite 1.517
Glass, Crown, Zinc 1.517
Glass 1.51714
Rubber, Natural 1.5191
Glass, Crown 1.52
Stichtite 1.52
Sanidine 1.522
Feldspar, Albite 1.525
Feldspar, Amazonite 1.525
Feldspar, Microcline 1.525
Feldspar, Orthoclase 1.525
Moonstone, Adularia 1.525
Peristerite 1.525
Aragonite 1.53
Chalcedony 1.53
Meerschaum 1.53
Nylon 1.53
Pearl 1.53
Shell 1.53
Thomsonite 1.53
Elaeolite 1.532
Feldspar, Adventurine 1.532
Witherite 1.532
Chrysoprase 1.534
Moonstone, Albite 1.535
Apophyllite 1.536
Feldspar, Oligoclase 1.539
Steatite 1.539
Agate, Moss 1.54
Cordierite 1.54
Ivory 1.54
Jasper 1.54
Prase 1.54
Prasiolite 1.54
Scapolite 1.54
Agate 1.544
Amethyst 1.544
Quartz 1.544
Rock Salt 1.544
Sodium Chloride 1.544
Tiger eye 1.544
Amber 1.546
Iolite 1.548
Agalmatoite 1.55
Citrine 1.55
Polystyrene 1.55
Variscite 1.55
Beryllonite 1.553
Scapolite, Yellow 1.555
Hambergite 1.559
Fluoride 1.56
Serpentine 1.56
Emerald, Synth flux 1.561
Feldspar, Labradorite 1.565
Brownite 1.567
Emerald, Synth hydro 1.568
Anhydrite 1.571
Augelite 1.574
Emerald 1.576
Aquamarine 1.577
Beryl 1.577
Vivianite 1.58
Glass, Flint, Light 1.58038
Colemanite 1.586
Howlite 1.586
Wardite 1.59
Styrofoam 1.595
Ekanite 1.6
Nephrite 1.6
Rhodochrisite 1.6
Tremolite 1.6
Brazilianite 1.603
Smaragdite 1.608
Jade, Nephrite 1.61
Lapis Lazuli 1.61
Prehnite 1.61
Topaz, Blue 1.61
Turquoise 1.61
Amblygonite 1.611
Hemimorphite 1.614
Lazulite 1.615
Actinolite 1.618
Mercury (liq) 1.62
Topaz 1.62
Topaz, Pink 1.62
Topaz, Yellow 1.62
Smithsonite 1.621
Celestite 1.622
Tourmaline 1.624
Glass, Flint, Medium 1.62725
Carbon Disulfide 1.628
Chalybite 1.63
Topaz, White 1.63
Apatite 1.632
Danburite 1.633
Asphalt 1.635
Barite 1.636
Andalusite 1.641
Phenakite 1.65
Spodumene 1.65
Euclase 1.652
Peridot 1.654
Hiddenite 1.655
Kunzite 1.655
Malachite 1.655
Glass, Flint, Heavy 1.65548
Sillimanite 1.658
Ebonite 1.66
Glass, Flint, Dense 1.66
Jet 1.66
Bromine (liq) 1.661
Enstatite 1.663
Jadeite 1.665
Kornerupine 1.665
Hypersthene 1.67
Olivine 1.67
Axinite 1.675
Diopside 1.68
Barytocalcite 1.684
Dumortierite 1.686
Rhodizite 1.69
Willemite 1.69
Tanzanite 1.691
Sinhalite 1.699
Cobalt Violet 1.71
Spinel 1.712
Idocrase 1.713
Kyanite 1.715
Taaffeite 1.72
Clinozoisite 1.724
Azurite 1.73
Synthetic Spinel 1.73
Epidote 1.733
Rhodonite 1.735
Silver 0.18
Gold 0.47
Helium 1.000036
Hydrogen (gas) 1.00014
Water (gas) 1.000261
Oxygen (gas) 1.000276
Argon 1.000281
Air 1.0002926
Nitrogen (gas) 1.000297
Carbon Dioxide (gas) 1.000449
Chlorine (gas) 1.000768
Hydrogen (liq) 1.0974
Copper 1.1
Bronze 1.18
Nitrogen (liq) 1.2053
Oxygen (liq) 1.221
Ice 1.309
Water 100'C 1.31819
Alcohol 1.329
Methanol 1.329
Water 35'C (Room temp) 1.33157
Water 20'C 1.33335
Teflon 1.35
Acetone 1.36
Ethanol 1.36
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Chlorine (liq) 1.385
Fluorite 1.434
Aluminum 1.44
Opal 1.45
Quartz, Fused 1.45843
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.46
Plastic 1.46
Formica 1.47
Turpentine 1.472
Glycerine 1.473
Natrolite 1.48
Sodalite 1.483
Calcite 1.486
Calspar 1.486
Coral 1.486
Onyx 1.486
Glass, Albite 1.489
Obsidian 1.489
Ulexite 1.49
Cancrinite 1.491
Tugtupite 1.496
Chrysocolla 1.5
Lapis Gem 1.5
Moldavite 1.5
Plexiglas 1.5
Benzene 1.501
Hauynite 1.502
Petalite 1.502
Dolomite 1.503
Leucite 1.509
Chalk 1.51
Iron 1.51
Magnesite 1.515
Gaylussite 1.517
Glass, Crown, Zinc 1.517
Glass 1.51714
Rubber, Natural 1.5191
Glass, Crown 1.52
Stichtite 1.52
Sanidine 1.522
Feldspar, Albite 1.525
Feldspar, Amazonite 1.525
Feldspar, Microcline 1.525
Feldspar, Orthoclase 1.525
Moonstone, Adularia 1.525
Peristerite 1.525
Aragonite 1.53
Chalcedony 1.53
Meerschaum 1.53
Nylon 1.53
Pearl 1.53
Shell 1.53
Thomsonite 1.53
Elaeolite 1.532
Feldspar, Adventurine 1.532
Witherite 1.532
Chrysoprase 1.534
Moonstone, Albite 1.535
Apophyllite 1.536
Feldspar, Oligoclase 1.539
Steatite 1.539
Agate, Moss 1.54
Cordierite 1.54
Ivory 1.54
Jasper 1.54
Prase 1.54
Prasiolite 1.54
Scapolite 1.54
Agate 1.544
Amethyst 1.544
Quartz 1.544
Rock Salt 1.544
Sodium Chloride 1.544
Tiger eye 1.544
Amber 1.546
Iolite 1.548
Agalmatoite 1.55
Citrine 1.55
Polystyrene 1.55
Variscite 1.55
Beryllonite 1.553
Scapolite, Yellow 1.555
Hambergite 1.559
Fluoride 1.56
Serpentine 1.56
Emerald, Synth flux 1.561
Feldspar, Labradorite 1.565
Brownite 1.567
Emerald, Synth hydro 1.568
Anhydrite 1.571
Augelite 1.574
Emerald 1.576
Aquamarine 1.577
Beryl 1.577
Vivianite 1.58
Glass, Flint, Light 1.58038
Colemanite 1.586
Howlite 1.586
Wardite 1.59
Styrofoam 1.595
Ekanite 1.6
Nephrite 1.6
Rhodochrisite 1.6
Tremolite 1.6
Brazilianite 1.603
Smaragdite 1.608
Jade, Nephrite 1.61
Lapis Lazuli 1.61
Prehnite 1.61
Topaz, Blue 1.61
Turquoise 1.61
Amblygonite 1.611
Hemimorphite 1.614
Lazulite 1.615
Actinolite 1.618
Mercury (liq) 1.62
Topaz 1.62
Topaz, Pink 1.62
Topaz, Yellow 1.62
Smithsonite 1.621
Celestite 1.622
Tourmaline 1.624
Glass, Flint, Medium 1.62725
Carbon Disulfide 1.628
Chalybite 1.63
Topaz, White 1.63
Apatite 1.632
Danburite 1.633
Asphalt 1.635
Barite 1.636
Andalusite 1.641
Phenakite 1.65
Spodumene 1.65
Euclase 1.652
Peridot 1.654
Hiddenite 1.655
Kunzite 1.655
Malachite 1.655
Glass, Flint, Heavy 1.65548
Sillimanite 1.658
Ebonite 1.66
Glass, Flint, Dense 1.66
Jet 1.66
Bromine (liq) 1.661
Enstatite 1.663
Jadeite 1.665
Kornerupine 1.665
Hypersthene 1.67
Olivine 1.67
Axinite 1.675
Diopside 1.68
Barytocalcite 1.684
Dumortierite 1.686
Rhodizite 1.69
Willemite 1.69
Tanzanite 1.691
Sinhalite 1.699
Cobalt Violet 1.71
Spinel 1.712
Idocrase 1.713
Kyanite 1.715
Taaffeite 1.72
Clinozoisite 1.724
Azurite 1.73
Synthetic Spinel 1.73
Epidote 1.733
Rhodonite 1.735
Garnet, Grossular 1.738
Staurolite 1.739
Cobalt Blue 1.74
Periclase 1.74
Pyrope 1.74
Alexandrite 1.745
Chrysoberyl 1.745
Garnet, Hessonite 1.745
Benitoite 1.757
Garnet, Almandine 1.76
Garnet, Rhodolite 1.76
Ruby 1.76
Sapphire 1.76
Corundum 1.766
Ceylanite 1.77
Painite 1.787
Garnet, Almandite 1.79
Glass, Flint, Lanthanum 1.8
Zircon, Low 1.8
Cerussite 1.804
Garnet, Spessartite 1.81
Pyrite 1.81
Garnet, Andradite 1.82
Purpurite 1.84
Uvarovite 1.87
Garnet, Demantoid 1.88
Sphene 1.885
Glass, Flint, Heaviest 1.89
Scheelite 1.92
Sulphur 1.96
Zircon, High 1.96
Cobalt Green 1.97
Cassiterite 1.997
Crystal 2
Lead 2.01
Zincite 2.01
Phosgenite 2.117
Zirconia, Cubic 2.17
Tantalite 2.24
Wulfenite 2.3
Chrome Yellow 2.31
Crocoite 2.31
Sphalerite 2.368
Chrome Green 2.4
Fabulite 2.409
Strontium Titanate 2.41
Diamond 2.417
Chrome Red 2.42
Anatase 2.49
Steel 2.5
Rutile 2.62
Copper Oxide 2.705
Proustite 2.79
Cuprite 2.85
Selenium, Amorphous 2.92
Hematite 2.94
Chromium 2.97
Iodine Crystal 3.34
Silicon 4.24
Almandine 1.830
Andradite 1.887
Apatite 1.624- 1.667
Aragonite 1.530 - 1.686
Barite 1.636 - 1.648
Beryl 1.565 - 1.598
Calcite 1.486 - 1.740
Cerussite 1.804 - 2.079
Chrysoberyl 1.746 - 1.756
Corundum 1.759 - 1.772
Diamond 2.418
Fluorite 1.434
Grossularite 1.734
Gypsum 1.519 - 1.531
Halite 1.544
Microcline 1.514 - 1.539
Olivine 1.63 - 1.88
Opal 1.41 - 1.46
Quartz 1.544 - 1.553
Rhodochrosite 1.597 - 1.816
Rutile 2.605 - 2.901
Scapolite 1.546 - 1.600
Sodalite 1.483 - 1.487
Spessartine 1.800
Sphalerite 2.369
Sphene 1.843 - 2.110
Spinel 1.719
Topaz 1.606 - 1.638
Tourmaline 1.635 - 1.675
Zircon 1.923 - 2.015
Table 1: Index of refraction of water as a
function of wave length and water temperature.
----------------------------------------------
Wave Length
(Angstroms) T=10 C T=20 C T=30 C
7065 1.3307 1.3300 1.3290
5893 1.3337 1.3330 1.3319
5016 1.3371 1.3364 1.3353
4047 1.3435 1.3427 1.3417
Vaccuum 1.000000
Helium 1.000036
Hydrogen 1.000140
Oxygen 1.000276
Argon 1.000281
Air 1.0002926
Nitrogen 1.000297
Carbon Dioxide 1.000449
Liquid Hydrogen 1.0974
Liquid Nitrogen 1.2053
Water at 00C 1.309
Water at 1000C 1.31819
Alcohol 1.329
Water 350C 1.33157
Acetone 1.36
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Chlorine 1.385
Fluorite 1.434
Opal 1.450
Quartz 1.45843
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.460
Plastic 1.460
Turpentine 1.472
Glycerine 1.473
Plexiglass 1.50
Benzene 1.501
Glass 1.51714
Ruby 1.760
Sapphire 1.760
Sulphur 1.960
Crystal 2.00
Diamond 2.417
Steel 2.50
Silicon 4.24
Nylon 1.53
Obsidian 1.50
Plastic 1.460 - 1.55
Plexiglas 1.488
Salt 1.516
Glass, Flint, 29% lead 1.569
Glass, Flint, 55% lead 1.669
Glass, Flint, 71% lead 1.805
Glass, Fused Silica 1.459
Glass, Pyrex 1.474
Lucite 1.495
Acetone 1.36
Alcohol, Ethyl (grain) 1.36
Alcohol, Methyl (wood) 1.329
Beer 1.345
Carbonated Beverages 1.34 - 1.356
Fruit Juice
Chlorine (liq) 1.385
Cranberry Juice (25%) 1.351
Glycerin 1.473
Honey, 13% water content 1.504
Honey, 17% water content 1.494
Honey, 21% water content 1.484
Ice 1.309
Milk 1.35
Oil, Clove 1.535
Oil, Lemon 1.481
Oil, Neroli 1.482
Oil, Orange 1.473
Oil, Safflower 1.466
Oil, vegetable (50' C) 1.47
Oil of Wintergreen 1.536
Rum, White 1.361
Shampoo 1.362
Sugar Solution 30% 1.38
Sugar Solution 80% 1.49
Turpentine 1.472
Vodka 1.363
Water (0' C) 1.33346
Water (100' C) 1.31766
Water (20' C) 1.33283
Whisky 1.356
Aluminum 1.39
Copper 2.43
Gold 0.47
Mylar 1.65
Nickel 1.08
Platinum 2.33
Silver 1.35
Titanium 2.16
Agate 1.544 - 1.553
Alexandrite 1.746 - 1.755
Almandine 1.75 - 1.83
Amber 1.539 - 1.545
Amethyst 1.532 - 1.554
Ammolite 1.52 -1.68
Andalusite 1.629 - 1.650
Apatite 1.632 - 1.42
Aquamarine 1.567-1.590
Axenite 1.674 - 1.704
Beryl 1.57 - 1.60
Beryl, Red 1.570 - 1.598
Chalcedony 1.544 - 1.553
Chrome Tourmaline, 1.61 - 1.64
Citrine 1.532 - 1.554
Clinohumite 1.625 - 1.675
Coral 1.486 - 1.658
Crystal 2.000
Crysoberyl, Catseye 1.746 - 1.755
Danburite 1.627 - 1.641
Diamond 2.417
Emerald 1.560 - 1.605
Emerald Catseye 1.560 - 1.605
Flourite 1.434
Garnet, Grossular 1.72 - 1.80
Garnet, Andradite 1.88 - 1.94
Garnet, Demantiod 1.880 - 1.9
Garnet, Mandarin 1.790 - 1.8
Garnet, Pyrope 1.73 - 1.76
Garnet, Rhodolite 1.740 - 1.770
Garnet, Tsavorite 1.739 - 1.744
Garnet, Uvarovite 1.74 - 1.87
Hauyn 1.490 - 1.505
Iolite 1.522 - 1.578
Jade, Jadeite 1.64 - 1.667
Jade, Nephrite 1.600 - 1.641
Jet 1.660
Kunzite 1.660 - 1.676
Labradorite 1.560 - 1.572
Lapis Lazuli 1.50 - 1.55
Moonstone 1.518 - 1.526
Morganite 1.585 - 1.594
Obsidian 1.50
Opal, Black 1.440 - 1.460
Opal, Fire 1.430 - 1.460
Opal, White 1.440 - 1.460
Oregon Sunstone 1.560 - 1.572
Padparadja 1.760 - 1.773
Pearl 1.53 - 1.69
Peridot 1.635 - 1.690
Quartz 1.544 - 1.553
Ruby 1.757 - 1.779
Sapphire 1.757 - 1.779
Sapphire, Star 1.760 - 1.773
Spessarite 1.79 - 1.81
Spinel 1.712 - 1.717
Spinel, Blue 1.712 - 1.747
Spinel, Red 1.708 - 1.735
Star Ruby 1.76 - 1.773
Tanzanite 1.690-1.7
Tanzanite 1.692 - 1.700
Topaz 1.607 - 1.627
Topaz, Imperial 1.605-1.640
Tourmaline 1.603 - 1.655
Tourmaline, Blue 1.61 - 1.64
Tourmaline, Catseye 1.61 - 1.64
Tourmaline, Green 1.61 - 1.64
Tourmaline, Paraiba 1.61 - 1.65
Tourmaline, Red 1.61 - 1.64
Zircon 1.777 - 1.987
Zirconia, Cubic 2.173 - 2.21
Sorted by refractive index:
Silver 0.18
Gold 0.47
Helium 1.000036
Hydrogen (gas) 1.00014
Water (gas) 1.000261
Oxygen (gas) 1.000276
Argon 1.000281
Air 1.0002926
Nitrogen (gas) 1.000297
Carbon Dioxide (gas) 1.000449
Chlorine (gas) 1.000768
Hydrogen (liq) 1.0974
Copper 1.1
Bronze 1.18
Nitrogen (liq) 1.2053
Oxygen (liq) 1.221
Ice 1.309
Water 100'C 1.31819
Alcohol 1.329
Methanol 1.329
Water 35'C (Room temp) 1.33157
Water 20'C 1.33335
Teflon 1.35
Acetone 1.36
Ethanol 1.36
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Chlorine (liq) 1.385
Fluorite 1.434
Aluminum 1.44
Opal 1.45
Quartz, Fused 1.45843
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.46
Plastic 1.46
Formica 1.47
Turpentine 1.472
Glycerine 1.473
Natrolite 1.48
Sodalite 1.483
Calcite 1.486
Calspar 1.486
Coral 1.486
Onyx 1.486
Glass, Albite 1.489
Obsidian 1.489
Ulexite 1.49
Cancrinite 1.491
Tugtupite 1.496
Chrysocolla 1.5
Lapis Gem 1.5
Moldavite 1.5
Plexiglas 1.5
Benzene 1.501
Hauynite 1.502
Petalite 1.502
Dolomite 1.503
Leucite 1.509
Chalk 1.51
Iron 1.51
Magnesite 1.515
Gaylussite 1.517
Glass, Crown, Zinc 1.517
Glass 1.51714
Rubber, Natural 1.5191
Glass, Crown 1.52
Stichtite 1.52
Sanidine 1.522
Feldspar, Albite 1.525
Feldspar, Amazonite 1.525
Feldspar, Microcline 1.525
Feldspar, Orthoclase 1.525
Moonstone, Adularia 1.525
Peristerite 1.525
Aragonite 1.53
Chalcedony 1.53
Meerschaum 1.53
Nylon 1.53
Pearl 1.53
Shell 1.53
Thomsonite 1.53
Elaeolite 1.532
Feldspar, Adventurine 1.532
Witherite 1.532
Chrysoprase 1.534
Moonstone, Albite 1.535
Apophyllite 1.536
Feldspar, Oligoclase 1.539
Steatite 1.539
Agate, Moss 1.54
Cordierite 1.54
Ivory 1.54
Jasper 1.54
Prase 1.54
Prasiolite 1.54
Scapolite 1.54
Agate 1.544
Amethyst 1.544
Quartz 1.544
Rock Salt 1.544
Sodium Chloride 1.544
Tiger eye 1.544
Amber 1.546
Iolite 1.548
Agalmatoite 1.55
Citrine 1.55
Polystyrene 1.55
Variscite 1.55
Beryllonite 1.553
Scapolite, Yellow 1.555
Hambergite 1.559
Fluoride 1.56
Serpentine 1.56
Emerald, Synth flux 1.561
Feldspar, Labradorite 1.565
Brownite 1.567
Emerald, Synth hydro 1.568
Anhydrite 1.571
Augelite 1.574
Emerald 1.576
Aquamarine 1.577
Beryl 1.577
Vivianite 1.58
Glass, Flint, Light 1.58038
Colemanite 1.586
Howlite 1.586
Wardite 1.59
Styrofoam 1.595
Ekanite 1.6
Nephrite 1.6
Rhodochrisite 1.6
Tremolite 1.6
Brazilianite 1.603
Smaragdite 1.608
Jade, Nephrite 1.61
Lapis Lazuli 1.61
Prehnite 1.61
Topaz, Blue 1.61
Turquoise 1.61
Amblygonite 1.611
Hemimorphite 1.614
Lazulite 1.615
Actinolite 1.618
Mercury (liq) 1.62
Topaz 1.62
Topaz, Pink 1.62
Topaz, Yellow 1.62
Smithsonite 1.621
Celestite 1.622
Tourmaline 1.624
Glass, Flint, Medium 1.62725
Carbon Disulfide 1.628
Chalybite 1.63
Topaz, White 1.63
Apatite 1.632
Danburite 1.633
Asphalt 1.635
Barite 1.636
Andalusite 1.641
Phenakite 1.65
Spodumene 1.65
Euclase 1.652
Peridot 1.654
Hiddenite 1.655
Kunzite 1.655
Malachite 1.655
Glass, Flint, Heavy 1.65548
Sillimanite 1.658
Ebonite 1.66
Glass, Flint, Dense 1.66
Jet 1.66
Bromine (liq) 1.661
Enstatite 1.663
Jadeite 1.665
Kornerupine 1.665
Hypersthene 1.67
Olivine 1.67
Axinite 1.675
Diopside 1.68
Barytocalcite 1.684
Dumortierite 1.686
Rhodizite 1.69
Willemite 1.69
Tanzanite 1.691
Sinhalite 1.699
Cobalt Violet 1.71
Spinel 1.712
Idocrase 1.713
Kyanite 1.715
Taaffeite 1.72
Clinozoisite 1.724
Azurite 1.73
Synthetic Spinel 1.73
Epidote 1.733
Rhodonite 1.735
Silver 0.18
Gold 0.47
Helium 1.000036
Hydrogen (gas) 1.00014
Water (gas) 1.000261
Oxygen (gas) 1.000276
Argon 1.000281
Air 1.0002926
Nitrogen (gas) 1.000297
Carbon Dioxide (gas) 1.000449
Chlorine (gas) 1.000768
Hydrogen (liq) 1.0974
Copper 1.1
Bronze 1.18
Nitrogen (liq) 1.2053
Oxygen (liq) 1.221
Ice 1.309
Water 100'C 1.31819
Alcohol 1.329
Methanol 1.329
Water 35'C (Room temp) 1.33157
Water 20'C 1.33335
Teflon 1.35
Acetone 1.36
Ethanol 1.36
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Chlorine (liq) 1.385
Fluorite 1.434
Aluminum 1.44
Opal 1.45
Quartz, Fused 1.45843
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.46
Plastic 1.46
Formica 1.47
Turpentine 1.472
Glycerine 1.473
Natrolite 1.48
Sodalite 1.483
Calcite 1.486
Calspar 1.486
Coral 1.486
Onyx 1.486
Glass, Albite 1.489
Obsidian 1.489
Ulexite 1.49
Cancrinite 1.491
Tugtupite 1.496
Chrysocolla 1.5
Lapis Gem 1.5
Moldavite 1.5
Plexiglas 1.5
Benzene 1.501
Hauynite 1.502
Petalite 1.502
Dolomite 1.503
Leucite 1.509
Chalk 1.51
Iron 1.51
Magnesite 1.515
Gaylussite 1.517
Glass, Crown, Zinc 1.517
Glass 1.51714
Rubber, Natural 1.5191
Glass, Crown 1.52
Stichtite 1.52
Sanidine 1.522
Feldspar, Albite 1.525
Feldspar, Amazonite 1.525
Feldspar, Microcline 1.525
Feldspar, Orthoclase 1.525
Moonstone, Adularia 1.525
Peristerite 1.525
Aragonite 1.53
Chalcedony 1.53
Meerschaum 1.53
Nylon 1.53
Pearl 1.53
Shell 1.53
Thomsonite 1.53
Elaeolite 1.532
Feldspar, Adventurine 1.532
Witherite 1.532
Chrysoprase 1.534
Moonstone, Albite 1.535
Apophyllite 1.536
Feldspar, Oligoclase 1.539
Steatite 1.539
Agate, Moss 1.54
Cordierite 1.54
Ivory 1.54
Jasper 1.54
Prase 1.54
Prasiolite 1.54
Scapolite 1.54
Agate 1.544
Amethyst 1.544
Quartz 1.544
Rock Salt 1.544
Sodium Chloride 1.544
Tiger eye 1.544
Amber 1.546
Iolite 1.548
Agalmatoite 1.55
Citrine 1.55
Polystyrene 1.55
Variscite 1.55
Beryllonite 1.553
Scapolite, Yellow 1.555
Hambergite 1.559
Fluoride 1.56
Serpentine 1.56
Emerald, Synth flux 1.561
Feldspar, Labradorite 1.565
Brownite 1.567
Emerald, Synth hydro 1.568
Anhydrite 1.571
Augelite 1.574
Emerald 1.576
Aquamarine 1.577
Beryl 1.577
Vivianite 1.58
Glass, Flint, Light 1.58038
Colemanite 1.586
Howlite 1.586
Wardite 1.59
Styrofoam 1.595
Ekanite 1.6
Nephrite 1.6
Rhodochrisite 1.6
Tremolite 1.6
Brazilianite 1.603
Smaragdite 1.608
Jade, Nephrite 1.61
Lapis Lazuli 1.61
Prehnite 1.61
Topaz, Blue 1.61
Turquoise 1.61
Amblygonite 1.611
Hemimorphite 1.614
Lazulite 1.615
Actinolite 1.618
Mercury (liq) 1.62
Topaz 1.62
Topaz, Pink 1.62
Topaz, Yellow 1.62
Smithsonite 1.621
Celestite 1.622
Tourmaline 1.624
Glass, Flint, Medium 1.62725
Carbon Disulfide 1.628
Chalybite 1.63
Topaz, White 1.63
Apatite 1.632
Danburite 1.633
Asphalt 1.635
Barite 1.636
Andalusite 1.641
Phenakite 1.65
Spodumene 1.65
Euclase 1.652
Peridot 1.654
Hiddenite 1.655
Kunzite 1.655
Malachite 1.655
Glass, Flint, Heavy 1.65548
Sillimanite 1.658
Ebonite 1.66
Glass, Flint, Dense 1.66
Jet 1.66
Bromine (liq) 1.661
Enstatite 1.663
Jadeite 1.665
Kornerupine 1.665
Hypersthene 1.67
Olivine 1.67
Axinite 1.675
Diopside 1.68
Barytocalcite 1.684
Dumortierite 1.686
Rhodizite 1.69
Willemite 1.69
Tanzanite 1.691
Sinhalite 1.699
Cobalt Violet 1.71
Spinel 1.712
Idocrase 1.713
Kyanite 1.715
Taaffeite 1.72
Clinozoisite 1.724
Azurite 1.73
Synthetic Spinel 1.73
Epidote 1.733
Rhodonite 1.735
Garnet, Grossular 1.738
Staurolite 1.739
Cobalt Blue 1.74
Periclase 1.74
Pyrope 1.74
Alexandrite 1.745
Chrysoberyl 1.745
Garnet, Hessonite 1.745
Benitoite 1.757
Garnet, Almandine 1.76
Garnet, Rhodolite 1.76
Ruby 1.76
Sapphire 1.76
Corundum 1.766
Ceylanite 1.77
Painite 1.787
Garnet, Almandite 1.79
Glass, Flint, Lanthanum 1.8
Zircon, Low 1.8
Cerussite 1.804
Garnet, Spessartite 1.81
Pyrite 1.81
Garnet, Andradite 1.82
Purpurite 1.84
Uvarovite 1.87
Garnet, Demantoid 1.88
Sphene 1.885
Glass, Flint, Heaviest 1.89
Scheelite 1.92
Sulphur 1.96
Zircon, High 1.96
Cobalt Green 1.97
Cassiterite 1.997
Crystal 2
Lead 2.01
Zincite 2.01
Phosgenite 2.117
Zirconia, Cubic 2.17
Tantalite 2.24
Wulfenite 2.3
Chrome Yellow 2.31
Crocoite 2.31
Sphalerite 2.368
Chrome Green 2.4
Fabulite 2.409
Strontium Titanate 2.41
Diamond 2.417
Chrome Red 2.42
Anatase 2.49
Steel 2.5
Rutile 2.62
Copper Oxide 2.705
Proustite 2.79
Cuprite 2.85
Selenium, Amorphous 2.92
Hematite 2.94
Chromium 2.97
Iodine Crystal 3.34
Silicon 4.24
Almandine 1.830
Andradite 1.887
Apatite 1.624- 1.667
Aragonite 1.530 - 1.686
Barite 1.636 - 1.648
Beryl 1.565 - 1.598
Calcite 1.486 - 1.740
Cerussite 1.804 - 2.079
Chrysoberyl 1.746 - 1.756
Corundum 1.759 - 1.772
Diamond 2.418
Fluorite 1.434
Grossularite 1.734
Gypsum 1.519 - 1.531
Halite 1.544
Microcline 1.514 - 1.539
Olivine 1.63 - 1.88
Opal 1.41 - 1.46
Quartz 1.544 - 1.553
Rhodochrosite 1.597 - 1.816
Rutile 2.605 - 2.901
Scapolite 1.546 - 1.600
Sodalite 1.483 - 1.487
Spessartine 1.800
Sphalerite 2.369
Sphene 1.843 - 2.110
Spinel 1.719
Topaz 1.606 - 1.638
Tourmaline 1.635 - 1.675
Zircon 1.923 - 2.015
Table 1: Index of refraction of water as a
function of wave length and water temperature.
----------------------------------------------
Wave Length
(Angstroms) T=10 C T=20 C T=30 C
7065 1.3307 1.3300 1.3290
5893 1.3337 1.3330 1.3319
5016 1.3371 1.3364 1.3353
4047 1.3435 1.3427 1.3417
Vaccuum 1.000000
Helium 1.000036
Hydrogen 1.000140
Oxygen 1.000276
Argon 1.000281
Air 1.0002926
Nitrogen 1.000297
Carbon Dioxide 1.000449
Liquid Hydrogen 1.0974
Liquid Nitrogen 1.2053
Water at 00C 1.309
Water at 1000C 1.31819
Alcohol 1.329
Water 350C 1.33157
Acetone 1.36
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Chlorine 1.385
Fluorite 1.434
Opal 1.450
Quartz 1.45843
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.460
Plastic 1.460
Turpentine 1.472
Glycerine 1.473
Plexiglass 1.50
Benzene 1.501
Glass 1.51714
Ruby 1.760
Sapphire 1.760
Sulphur 1.960
Crystal 2.00
Diamond 2.417
Steel 2.50
Silicon 4.24
Nylon 1.53
Obsidian 1.50
Plastic 1.460 - 1.55
Plexiglas 1.488
Salt 1.516
Glass, Flint, 29% lead 1.569
Glass, Flint, 55% lead 1.669
Glass, Flint, 71% lead 1.805
Glass, Fused Silica 1.459
Glass, Pyrex 1.474
Lucite 1.495
Acetone 1.36
Alcohol, Ethyl (grain) 1.36
Alcohol, Methyl (wood) 1.329
Beer 1.345
Carbonated Beverages 1.34 - 1.356
Fruit Juice
Chlorine (liq) 1.385
Cranberry Juice (25%) 1.351
Glycerin 1.473
Honey, 13% water content 1.504
Honey, 17% water content 1.494
Honey, 21% water content 1.484
Ice 1.309
Milk 1.35
Oil, Clove 1.535
Oil, Lemon 1.481
Oil, Neroli 1.482
Oil, Orange 1.473
Oil, Safflower 1.466
Oil, vegetable (50' C) 1.47
Oil of Wintergreen 1.536
Rum, White 1.361
Shampoo 1.362
Sugar Solution 30% 1.38
Sugar Solution 80% 1.49
Turpentine 1.472
Vodka 1.363
Water (0' C) 1.33346
Water (100' C) 1.31766
Water (20' C) 1.33283
Whisky 1.356
Aluminum 1.39
Copper 2.43
Gold 0.47
Mylar 1.65
Nickel 1.08
Platinum 2.33
Silver 1.35
Titanium 2.16
Agate 1.544 - 1.553
Alexandrite 1.746 - 1.755
Almandine 1.75 - 1.83
Amber 1.539 - 1.545
Amethyst 1.532 - 1.554
Ammolite 1.52 -1.68
Andalusite 1.629 - 1.650
Apatite 1.632 - 1.42
Aquamarine 1.567-1.590
Axenite 1.674 - 1.704
Beryl 1.57 - 1.60
Beryl, Red 1.570 - 1.598
Chalcedony 1.544 - 1.553
Chrome Tourmaline, 1.61 - 1.64
Citrine 1.532 - 1.554
Clinohumite 1.625 - 1.675
Coral 1.486 - 1.658
Crystal 2.000
Crysoberyl, Catseye 1.746 - 1.755
Danburite 1.627 - 1.641
Diamond 2.417
Emerald 1.560 - 1.605
Emerald Catseye 1.560 - 1.605
Flourite 1.434
Garnet, Grossular 1.72 - 1.80
Garnet, Andradite 1.88 - 1.94
Garnet, Demantiod 1.880 - 1.9
Garnet, Mandarin 1.790 - 1.8
Garnet, Pyrope 1.73 - 1.76
Garnet, Rhodolite 1.740 - 1.770
Garnet, Tsavorite 1.739 - 1.744
Garnet, Uvarovite 1.74 - 1.87
Hauyn 1.490 - 1.505
Iolite 1.522 - 1.578
Jade, Jadeite 1.64 - 1.667
Jade, Nephrite 1.600 - 1.641
Jet 1.660
Kunzite 1.660 - 1.676
Labradorite 1.560 - 1.572
Lapis Lazuli 1.50 - 1.55
Moonstone 1.518 - 1.526
Morganite 1.585 - 1.594
Obsidian 1.50
Opal, Black 1.440 - 1.460
Opal, Fire 1.430 - 1.460
Opal, White 1.440 - 1.460
Oregon Sunstone 1.560 - 1.572
Padparadja 1.760 - 1.773
Pearl 1.53 - 1.69
Peridot 1.635 - 1.690
Quartz 1.544 - 1.553
Ruby 1.757 - 1.779
Sapphire 1.757 - 1.779
Sapphire, Star 1.760 - 1.773
Spessarite 1.79 - 1.81
Spinel 1.712 - 1.717
Spinel, Blue 1.712 - 1.747
Spinel, Red 1.708 - 1.735
Star Ruby 1.76 - 1.773
Tanzanite 1.690-1.7
Tanzanite 1.692 - 1.700
Topaz 1.607 - 1.627
Topaz, Imperial 1.605-1.640
Tourmaline 1.603 - 1.655
Tourmaline, Blue 1.61 - 1.64
Tourmaline, Catseye 1.61 - 1.64
Tourmaline, Green 1.61 - 1.64
Tourmaline, Paraiba 1.61 - 1.65
Tourmaline, Red 1.61 - 1.64
Zircon 1.777 - 1.987
Zirconia, Cubic 2.173 - 2.21
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